Solve
Problems in Environmental Science
by Purvis-Roberts, Spiro
ISBN: | Copyright 2022
Instructor Requests
In response to repeated requests for more problems in environmental science, Katie Purvis-Roberts (Claremont McKenna, Pitzer and Scripps Colleges) and Tom Spiro (University of Washington), authors of Chemistry of the Environment, with a team of experienced environmental science teachers, have developed SOLVE: Problems in Environmental Science. This sleek and affordable stand-alone _x001C_problems_x001D_ book serves up a broad array of quantitative problems addressing real-world issues in an approachable fashion. Requiring only algebra and a basic understanding of general chemistry, SOLVE is designed for use in traditional Environmental Science courses, as well as in student-centered guided problem-solving courses. Worked problems are followed by practice problems, with brief answers that allow students to check their work. With this text, your students will use their reasoning ability to tackle and solve problems ranging from global warming to GMOs. An Instructor’s Manual with detailed solutions is also available to adopting professors.
Published under the University Science Books imprint
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|---|---|
| Front Cover (pg. ) | |
| Front Endsheets (pg. ) | |
| Dedication (pg. v) | |
| Contents (pg. vii) | |
| List of Contributors (pg. xi) | |
| Foreword (pg. xiii) | |
| Introduction (pg. xv) | |
| Part I Introduction (pg. 3) | |
| 1. Introduction (pg. 5) | |
| 1.1 Sustainability and Chemistry (pg. 5) | |
| 1.2 Green Chemistry (pg. 6) | |
| 1.3 Methods in Environmental Science (pg. 12) | |
| 1.4 Conclusions (pg. 21) | |
| Part II Energy and Materials (pg. 23) | |
| 2. Energy Flows and Supplies (pg. 25) | |
| 2.1 Human Energy Consumption (pg. 25) | |
| 2.2 Exponential Growth (pg. 29) | |
| 2.3 Human Energy Sources (pg. 36) | |
| 2.4 Conclusions (pg. 37) | |
| 3. Energy Utilization (pg. 39) | |
| 3.1 Energy Utilization (pg. 39) | |
| 3.2 Heat into Energy: Entropy (pg. 40) | |
| 3.3 Energy to Heat: Heat Pumps (pg. 43) | |
| 3.4 Cogeneration (pg. 45) | |
| 3.5 Electricity from Chemical Energy: Fuel Cells (pg. 46) | |
| 3.6 Energy Storage: Batteries (pg. 51) | |
| 3.7 Materials and Energy (pg. 54) | |
| 3.8 Conclusions (pg. 57) | |
| 4. Renewable Energy (pg. 59) | |
| 4.1 Forms of Renewable Energy (pg. 59) | |
| 4.2 Solar Heating (pg. 61) | |
| 4.3 Solar Thermal Electricity (pg. 65) | |
| 4.4 Photovoltaic Electricity (pg. 67) | |
| 4.5 Photosynthesis (pg. 70) | |
| 4.6 Hydroelectricity (pg. 71) | |
| 4.7 Wind Power (pg. 73) | |
| 4.8 Conclusions (pg. 77) | |
| 5. Fossil Fuels (pg. 79) | |
| 5.1 Closing the Carbon Budget: Fossil Fuel Burning and Increasing Atmospheric CO2 Concentration (pg. 79) | |
| 5.2 Origins of Fossil Fuels (pg. 82) | |
| 5.3 Fuel Energy (pg. 83) | |
| 5.4 Petroleum (pg. 92) | |
| 5.5 Natural Gas (pg. 94) | |
| 5.6 Coal (pg. 95) | |
| 5.7 Environmental Repercussions of Fossil Fuel Use (pg. 97) | |
| 5.8 Carbon Capture and Storage (pg. 97) | |
| 5.9 Conclusions (pg. 99) | |
| 6. Nuclear Energy (pg. 101) | |
| 6.1 Isotopes and Nuclear Equations (pg. 101) | |
| 6.2 Nuclear Stability (pg. 104) | |
| 6.3 Radioactive Decay (pg. 109) | |
| 6.4 Biological Effects of Radioactivity (pg. 113) | |
| 6.5 Everyday Exposure to Radiation (pg. 118) | |
| 6.6 Power from Fission (pg. 120) | |
| 6.7 Power from Fusion (pg. 132) | |
| 6.8 Other Uses of Isotopes and Related Particles (pg. 135) | |
| 6.9 Conclusions (pg. 137) | |
| Part III Atmosphere (pg. 139) | |
| 7. Climate Change (pg. 141) | |
| 7.1 Energy Flows (pg. 141) | |
| 7.2 Radiation Balance and the Greenhouse Effect (pg. 145) | |
| 7.3 Infrared Absorption by Greenhouse Gases: Molecular Vibrations (pg. 150) | |
| 7.4 Water: Positive Feedback, Latent Heat, and Energy Flows (pg. 155) | |
| 7.5 Greenhouse Computations: Radiative Forcings (pg. 158) | |
| 7.6 Carbon Dioxide and the Carbon Cycle (pg. 160) | |
| 7.7 Reservoirs, Flows, and Residence Times (pg. 165) | |
| 7.8 Albedo, Particles, and Clouds (pg. 166) | |
| 7.9 Global Warming Impacts (pg. 170) | |
| 7.10 Conclusions (pg. 171) | |
| 8. Free Radical Chemistry—Nitrogen Oxides, Ozone, and Combustion (pg. 173) | |
| 8.1 Free Radicals (pg. 173) | |
| 8.2 Nitrogen Oxides, Free Energy, and Equilibrium (pg. 176) | |
| 8.3 Photochemistry (pg. 179) | |
| 8.4 Photochemical Smog (pg. 181) | |
| 8.5 Combustion: Gasoline and Formulations (pg. 191) | |
| 8.6 Conclusions (pg. 197) | |
| 9. Air Pollution (pg. 199) | |
| 9.1 Pollutant (pg. 199) | |
| 9.2 Carbon Monoxide (pg. 203) | |
| 9.3 Sulfur Dioxide (pg. 206) | |
| 9.4 Organics (pg. 208) | |
| 9.5 Particulate Matter (pg. 210) | |
| 9.6 NOx and VOCs (pg. 212) | |
| 9.7 Ozone (pg. 214) | |
| 9.8 Indoor Air Pollution (pg. 217) | |
| 9.9 Conclusions (pg. 219) | |
| 10. Stratospheric Ozone Shield (pg. 221) | |
| 10.1 Background About the Stratospheric Ozone Shield (pg. 221) | |
| 10.2 Structure of the Atmosphere (pg. 221) | |
| 10.3 Transmission of UV Light Through Ozone (pg. 226) | |
| 10.4 Reactions that Create and Destroy Ozone (pg. 229) | |
| 10.5 Catalytic Destruction of Ozone (pg. 236) | |
| 10.6 Polar Ozone Destruction (pg. 242) | |
| 10.7 The Montreal Protocol and CFC Substitutes (pg. 244) | |
| 10.8 Conclusions (pg. 245) | |
| Part IV Hydrosphere and Lithosphere (pg. 247) | |
| 11. Water Resources (pg. 249) | |
| 11.1 Global Perspective (pg. 249) | |
| 11.2 Irrigation (pg. 254) | |
| 11.3 “Virtual Water” and the Issue of Meat Production (pg. 258) | |
| 11.4 Water Resources in the United States (pg. 259) | |
| 11.5 Conclusions (pg. 261) | |
| 12. Water as Solvents: Acids and Bases (pg. 263) | |
| 12.1 Water: Hydrogen Bonds and Unique Properties (pg. 263) | |
| 12.2 Ions, Autoionization, and pH (pg. 265) | |
| 12.3 Acid and Base Dissociation Constants, Conjugate Acid–Base Pairs, and Buffers (pg. 266) | |
| 12.4 Weak Acids and Bases: Titration (pg. 269) | |
| 12.5 Acid Rain, Atmospheric CO2, and Climate Change (pg. 274) | |
| 12.6 Polyprotic Acids, Conjugate Bases of Polyprotic Acids, and Alkalinity (pg. 279) | |
| 12.7 Conclusions (pg. 283) | |
| 13. Water and the Lithosphere (pg. 285) | |
| 13.1 Weathering and Solubilization Mechanisms (pg. 285) | |
| 13.2 Weathering of Silicate Minerals (pg. 292) | |
| 13.3 Ion Exchange: Clays and Soils (pg. 293) | |
| 13.4 Effects of Freshwater Acidification (pg. 295) | |
| 13.5 Organic and Inorganic Carbon Cycles (pg. 304) | |
| 13.6 Conclusions (pg. 306) | |
| 14. Oxygen and Life (pg. 309) | |
| 14.1 Life, Redox Reactions, and Energy (pg. 309) | |
| 14.2 Biological Oxygen Demand (pg. 309) | |
| 14.3 Oxidation Levels and Water (pg. 311) | |
| 14.4 Half-reactions, Reduction Potentials, and Redox Free Energy (pg. 317) | |
| 14.5 Natural Sequence of Biological Reductions (pg. 318) | |
| 14.6 Concentration Dependence of the Potential: pH and Eh (pg. 320) | |
| 14.7 Water as an Ecological Medium: Limiting Nutrient (pg. 325) | |
| 14.8 Conclusions (pg. 327) | |
| 15. Water Pollution and Water Treatment (pg. 329) | |
| 15.1 Water Use and Water Quality: Point and Nonpoint Sources (pg. 329) | |
| 15.2 Regulation of Water Quality (pg. 331) | |
| 15.3 Water and Sewage Treatment (pg. 333) | |
| 15.4 Desalinization of Seawater (pg. 336) | |
| 15.5 Health Hazards: Pathogens and Disinfection (pg. 339) | |
| 15.6 Organic and Inorganic Contaminants (pg. 341) | |
| 15.7 Low-Cost Water Technology for Developing Countries (pg. 343) | |
| 15.8 Trace Pollutants (pg. 344) | |
| 15.9 Perchlorate Pollution (pg. 345) | |
| 15.10 Conclusions (pg. 347) | |
| Part V Biosphere (pg. 349) | |
| 16. Nitrogen and Food Production (pg. 351) | |
| 16.1 Nitrogen Cycle (pg. 351) | |
| 16.2 Agriculture: Fertilizer and the Green Revolution (pg. 355) | |
| 16.3 Nutrition (pg. 360) | |
| 16.4 Conclusions (pg. 365) | |
| 17. Pest Control (pg. 367) | |
| 17.1 Insecticides and Resistance (pg. 367) | |
| 17.2 Persistent Insecticides: Organochlorines (pg. 368) | |
| 17.3 Molecular Shape and Biological Activity: DDT and DDE (pg. 369) | |
| 17.4 Bioaccumulation (pg. 370) | |
| 17.5 Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors: Organophosphates and Carbamates (pg. 374) | |
| 17.6 Herbicides (pg. 377) | |
| 17.7 Genetically Modified Organisms (pg. 379) | |
| 17.8 Conclusions (pg. 381) | |
| 18. Toxicity of Chemicals (pg. 383) | |
| 18.1 Acute and Chronic Toxicity (pg. 383) | |
| 18.2 Cancer (pg. 388) | |
| 18.3 Hormonal Effects (pg. 394) | |
| 18.4 Persistent Organic Pollutants: Dioxins, PCBs, and Perfluorooctanesulfonic Acid (pg. 398) | |
| 18.5 Toxic Metals (pg. 405) | |
| 18.6 Conclusions (pg. 416) | |
| APPENDIXES (pg. 417) | |
| Appendix A. Organic Structures (pg. 417) | |
| Appendix B. Mathematical Fundamentals (pg. 427) | |
| Appendix C. Answers to the Starred Questions (pg. 431) | |
| Photo Credits (pg. 441) | |
| Index (pg. 443) | |
Kathleen L. Purvis-Roberts
Kathleen Purvis-Roberts is a Professor of Chemistry at the W.M. Keck Science Department of Claremont McKenna, Pitzer, and Scripps Colleges. She earned her B.S. from Westmont College and her Ph.D. from Princeton University, where she worked with Steven Bernasek. From there, she did her postdoctoral work at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado. She joined the faculty of Claremont McKenna, Pitzer, and Scripps Colleges in 2001. She is the recipient of the Henry Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar award (2013) and the Jefferson Science Fellowship (2016–2017).Thomas G. Spiro
Thomas G. Spiro is Professor of Chemistry at the University of Washington. He received the B. S. from UCLA and the Ph.D. from MIT, and did postdoctoral work in Copenhagen. He joined the faculty of Princeton University in 1963, and served as chair of the chemistry department from 1980 to 1989, relocating to the University of Washington in 2007. He is the recipient of the ICPP Eraldo Antonini Lifetime Achievment Award (2010), the ACS Award for Distinguished Service in the Advancement of Inorganic Chemistry (2004), Biophysical Society Founders Award (2004), the Wellcome Visiting Professorship in the Basic Medical Sciences, at the University of British Columbia (1999) in1999, and the Bomem-Michelson Award in Molecular Spectroscopy (1986).|
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