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Semantics as Science
by Larson
ISBN: 9780262361637 | Copyright 2021
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| Contents (pg. vii) | |
| Preface for Teachers (pg. xv) | |
| Formalism (pg. xvi) | |
| Coverage (pg. xvii) | |
| Object Language (pg. xviii) | |
| Semantica (pg. xviii) | |
| Text Design (pg. xix) | |
| Acknowledgments (pg. xxi) | |
| Part I: Setting Out (pg. 1) | |
| Unit 1: What Is Semantics? (pg. 5) | |
| 1.1 Leading Questions of Linguistics (pg. 5) | |
| 1.2 Parts of Language (pg. 6) | |
| 1.3 Kinds of “Meaning” (pg. 7) | |
| Exercises (pg. 15) | |
| Unit 2: The Domain of Semantics (pg. 21) | |
| Review (pg. 21) | |
| 2.1 Semantic Facts (pg. 22) | |
| 2.2 Semantics as a Theory of Semantic Knowledge (pg. 26) | |
| Exercises (pg. 31) | |
| Unit 3: The Form of Semantic Theory (pg. 33) | |
| Review (pg. 33) | |
| 3.1 Semantics Interprets Syntactic Structure (pg. 34) | |
| 3.2 Statements of Meaning (pg. 38) | |
| 3.3 From Meaning to Truth (pg. 40) | |
| Exercises (pg. 45) | |
| Unit 4: Introducing T-Theories (pg. 47) | |
| Review (pg. 47) | |
| 4.1 T-Theory for (a Fragment of) Japanese (pg. 48) | |
| 4.2 A Sample Derivation (pg. 51) | |
| 4.3 Using Substitution (pg. 54) | |
| 4.4 Labeled Bracket Notation (pg. 56) | |
| Exercises (pg. 61) | |
| Suggested Readings for Part I (pg. 65) | |
| Part II: Building a Semantic Theory (pg. 67) | |
| Unit 5: Simple Sentences (pg. 71) | |
| Review (pg. 71) | |
| 5.1 Analyzing the Sentence (pg. 73) | |
| 5.2 Incorporating Names, Predicates, and Simple Sentences (pg. 78) | |
| 5.3 A New Theory with Simple Sentences (pg. 81) | |
| Exercises (pg. 83) | |
| Unit 6: Extending the Theory I (pg. 85) | |
| Review (pg. 85) | |
| 6.1 Lexical and Phrasal Rules (pg. 86) | |
| 6.2 Extending the Semantics (pg. 86) | |
| 6.3 A Sample Derivation (pg. 89) | |
| 6.4 Our Current Theory (pg. 91) | |
| Exercises (pg. 93) | |
| Unit 7: Extending the Theory II (pg. 95) | |
| Review (pg. 95) | |
| 7.1 The “Fit” of Semantic Rules (pg. 95) | |
| 7.2 Figuring Out New Rules (pg. 97) | |
| 7.3 Purely Grammatical Elements (pg. 99) | |
| 7.4 A Change in Our Metalanguage (pg. 102) | |
| 7.5 Our Current Theory (pg. 104) | |
| Exercises (pg. 107) | |
| Unit 8: Names and Predicates (pg. 115) | |
| Review (pg. 115) | |
| 8.1 Singular Terms vs. General Terms (pg. 116) | |
| 8.2 Object-Dependent vs. Object-Independent Truth Conditions (pg. 117) | |
| 8.3 Acquiring Singular vs. General Terms (pg. 118) | |
| 8.4 Two Puzzles about Proper Nouns (pg. 120) | |
| Exercises (pg. 125) | |
| Unit 9: More on Predicates (pg. 129) | |
| Review (pg. 129) | |
| 9.1 Predicates and Parts of Speech (pg. 129) | |
| 9.2 Valence (pg. 130) | |
| 9.3 Predicates in Other Categories (pg. 135) | |
| 9.4 Valence and Structure (pg. 143) | |
| 9.5 Our Current Theory (pg. 144) | |
| Exercises (pg. 145) | |
| Unit 10: Semantic Components (pg. 159) | |
| Review (pg. 159) | |
| 10.1 Componential Rules (pg. 160) | |
| 10.2 Attributing Semantic Rules to Speakers (pg. 165) | |
| Exercises (pg. 175) | |
| Unit 11: Participant Roles (pg. 183) | |
| Review (pg. 183) | |
| 11.1 Introducing Participant Roles (pg. 184) | |
| 11.2 Participant Roles, Predicates, and Scripts (pg. 185) | |
| 11.3 Verb Alternations (pg. 187) | |
| 11.4 Participant Roles and Structures (pg. 189) | |
| Exercises (pg. 195) | |
| Unit 12: Events and Adverbs (pg. 203) | |
| Review (pg. 203) | |
| 12.1 Sentences Describe Events (pg. 204) | |
| 12.2 Incorporating Events (pg. 205) | |
| 12.3 Incorporating Adverbs (pg. 210) | |
| 12.4 Our Current Theory (pg. 213) | |
| Exercises (pg. 215) | |
| Unit 13: More on Proper Nouns (pg. 225) | |
| Review (pg. 225) | |
| 13.1 Proper Nouns as Complex Descriptions (pg. 226) | |
| 13.2 Puzzles for Proper Nouns as Complex Descriptions (pg. 230) | |
| 13.3 How Do Names Get Linked to Things? (pg. 233) | |
| Exercises (pg. 237) | |
| Suggested Readings for Part II (pg. 241) | |
| Part III: Semantic Theory and the World (pg. 243) | |
| Unit 14: Tense and Other Times (pg. 247) | |
| Review (pg. 247) | |
| 14.1 Tense (pg. 248) | |
| 14.2 Incorporating Tense into Our Theory (pg. 250) | |
| 14.3 More on Tense (pg. 254) | |
| 14.4 Our Current Theory (pg. 258) | |
| Exercises (pg. 261) | |
| Unit 15: Modals and Other Worlds (pg. 265) | |
| Review (pg. 265) | |
| 15.1 Modality (pg. 266) | |
| 15.2 Incorporating Modality into Our Theory (pg. 268) | |
| 15.3 In What Sense Possible? (pg. 272) | |
| 15.4 Our Current Theory (pg. 275) | |
| Exercises (pg. 277) | |
| Unit 16: Scope and Entailment (pg. 283) | |
| Review (pg. 283) | |
| 16.1 Introducing Scope (pg. 284) | |
| 16.2 Introducing Entailment (pg. 290) | |
| Exercises (pg. 297) | |
| Unit 17: Variable Reference and Context (pg. 303) | |
| Review (pg. 303) | |
| 17.1 Introducing Variable-Reference Terms (pg. 303) | |
| 17.2 Truth with Respect to Context Situations (pg. 305) | |
| 17.3 Context Situations as Sequences (pg. 308) | |
| 17.4 Our Current Theory (pg. 312) | |
| Exercises (pg. 315) | |
| Unit 18: Indexicals (pg. 321) | |
| Review (pg. 321) | |
| 18.1 Indexical Proforms (pg. 322) | |
| 18.2 Incorporating Indexicals (pg. 324) | |
| 18.3 Demonstrative Uses of Pronouns (pg. 328) | |
| 18.4 Indexicality in Other Phrases (pg. 329) | |
| 18.5 Our Current Theory (pg. 330) | |
| Exercises (pg. 333) | |
| Unit 19: “Displaced” Elements (pg. 341) | |
| Review (pg. 341) | |
| 19.1 Displacement and Compositionality (pg. 342) | |
| 19.2 Displacement and Context (pg. 344) | |
| 19.3 Understanding Dislocation Sentences (pg. 346) | |
| 19.4 Understanding Displacement (pg. 349) | |
| 19.5 Displacement and Information Structure (pg. 350) | |
| 19.6 Our Current Theory (pg. 355) | |
| Exercises (pg. 357) | |
| Unit 20: Quantifiers I (Sets) (pg. 361) | |
| Review (pg. 361) | |
| 20.1 Introducing Quantifier Phrases (pg. 361) | |
| 20.2 Sets and Membership (pg. 363) | |
| 20.3 Relations between Sets (pg. 366) | |
| 20.4 Operations on Sets (pg. 368) | |
| 20.5 Set Cardinality (pg. 370) | |
| Exercises (pg. 373) | |
| Unit 21: Quantifiers II (Determiners) (pg. 375) | |
| Review (pg. 375) | |
| 21.1 Determiners (pg. 375) | |
| 21.2 Determiners as Relations between Sets (pg. 377) | |
| 21.3 Lexical Rules for Determiners (pg. 378) | |
| Exercises (pg. 385) | |
| Unit 22: Quantifiers III (Rules) (pg. 391) | |
| Review (pg. 391) | |
| 22.1 Rules for Quantified Sentences: First Pass (pg. 392) | |
| 22.2 Rules for Quantified Sentences: Second Pass (pg. 395) | |
| 22.3 Rules for Quantified Sentences: Final Pass (pg. 399) | |
| 22.4 Our Current Theory (pg. 403) | |
| Exercises (pg. 407) | |
| Suggested Readings for Part III (pg. 413) | |
| Part IV: Semantic Theory and the Mind (pg. 415) | |
| Unit 23: T-Theories as Formal Systems (pg. 419) | |
| Review (pg. 419) | |
| 23.1 Examples of Formal Systems (pg. 420) | |
| 23.2 T-Theories as Formal Systems (pg. 426) | |
| 23.3 The Importance of Formal Systems (pg. 430) | |
| Exercises (pg. 435) | |
| Unit 24: Knowing a Semantic Theory (pg. 439) | |
| Review (pg. 439) | |
| 24.1 Graphs and Formulas (pg. 440) | |
| 24.2 Grammars and T-Theories (pg. 442) | |
| Exercises (pg. 447) | |
| Unit 25: The Nature of Semantic Values (pg. 449) | |
| Review (pg. 449) | |
| 25.1 A Naïve View of Semantic Values (pg. 450) | |
| 25.2 One Event or Two? (pg. 451) | |
| 25.3 Water or Tea? (pg. 456) | |
| 25.4 The Internal Nature of Semantics (pg. 457) | |
| Exercises (pg. 459) | |
| Suggested Readings for Part IV (pg. 463) | |
| References (pg. 465) | |
| Index (pg. 469) | |
Richard K. Larson
Richard K. Larson is Professor of Linguistics at Stony Brook University.
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