Physical Chemistry for the Chemical Sciences
by Chang, Thoman
ISBN: 9781891389696 | Copyright 2014
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Following in the wake of Chang’s two other best-selling physical chemistry textbooks (Physical Chemistry for the Chemical and Biological Sciences and Physical Chemistry for the Biosciences), this new title introduces laser spectroscopist Jay Thoman (Williams College) as co-author. This comprehensive new text has been extensively revised both in level and scope. Targeted to a mainstream physical chemistry course, this text features extensively revised chapters on quantum mechanics and spectroscopy, many new chapter-ending problems, and updated references, while biological topics have been largely relegated to the previous two textbooks. Other topics added include the law of corresponding states, the Joule-Thomson effect, the meaning of entropy, multiple equilibria and coupled reactions, and chemiluminescence and bioluminescence. One way to gauge the level of this new text is that students who have used it will be well prepared for their GRE exams in the subject. Careful pedagogy and clear writing throughout combine to make this an excellent choice for your physical chemistry course.
Published under the University Science Books imprint
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| Front Cover (pg. i) | |
| Periodic Table (pg. ii) | |
| SI Units (pg. iii) | |
| Contents (pg. vii) | |
| Preface (pg. xvi) | |
| CHAPTER 1 Introduction and Gas Laws (pg. 1) | |
| 1.1 Nature of Physical Chemistry (pg. 1) | |
| 1.2 Some Basic Definitions (pg. 1) | |
| 1.3 An Operational Definition of Temperature (pg. 2) | |
| 1.4 Units (pg. 3) | |
| 1.5 The Ideal Gas Law (pg. 7) | |
| 1.6 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures (pg. 11) | |
| 1.7 Real Gases (pg. 13) | |
| 1.8 Condensation of Gases and the Critical State (pg. 18) | |
| 1.9 The Law of Corresponding States (pg. 22) | |
| Problems (pg. 27) | |
| CHAPTER 2 Kinetic Theory of Gases (pg. 35) | |
| 2.1 The Model (pg. 35) | |
| 2.2 Pressure of a Gas (pg. 36) | |
| 2.3 Kinetic Energy and Temperature (pg. 38) | |
| 2.4 The Maxwell Distribution Laws (pg. 39) | |
| 2.5 Molecular Collisions and the Mean Free Path (pg. 45) | |
| 2.6 The Barometric Formula (pg. 48) | |
| 2.7 Gas Viscosity (pg. 50) | |
| 2.8 Graham’s Laws of Diffusion and Effusion (pg. 53) | |
| 2.9 Equipartition of Energy (pg. 56) | |
| Problems (pg. 66) | |
| CHAPTER 3 The First Law of Thermodynamics (pg. 73) | |
| 3.1 Work and Heat (pg. 73) | |
| 3.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics (pg. 80) | |
| 3.3 Enthalpy (pg. 83) | |
| 3.4 A Closer Look at Heat Capacities (pg. 88) | |
| 3.5 Gas Expansion (pg. 91) | |
| 3.6 The Joule–Thomson Effect (pg. 96) | |
| 3.7 Thermochemistry (pg. 100) | |
| 3.8 Bond Energies and Bond Enthalpies (pg. 110) | |
| APPENDIX 3.1 Exact and Inexact Differenetials (pg. 116) | |
| Problems (pg. 120) | |
| CHAPTER 4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics (pg. 129) | |
| 4.1 Spontaneous Processes (pg. 129) | |
| 4.2 Entropy (pg. 131) | |
| 4.3 The Carnot Heat Engine (pg. 135) | |
| 4.4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics (pg. 142) | |
| 4.5 Entropy Changes (pg. 144) | |
| 4.6 The Third Law of Thermodynamics (pg. 152) | |
| 4.7 The Meaning of Entropy (pg. 157) | |
| 4.8 Residual Entropy (pg. 161) | |
| APPENDIX 4.1 Statements of the Second Law of Thermodynamics (pg. 165) | |
| Problems (pg. 168) | |
| CHAPTER 5 Gibbs and Helmholtz Energies and Their Applications (pg. 175) | |
| 5.1 Gibbs and Helmholtz Energies (pg. 175) | |
| 5.2 The Meaning of Helmholtz and Gibbs Energies (pg. 178) | |
| 5.3 Standard Molar Gibbs Energy of Formation (pg. 182) | |
| 5.4 Dependence of Gibbs Energy on Temperature and Pressure (pg. 185) | |
| 5.5 Gibbs Energy and Phase Equilibria (pg. 188) | |
| 5.6 Thermodynamics of Rubber Elasticity (pg. 196) | |
| APPENDIX 5.1 Some Thermodynamic Relationships (pg. 200) | |
| APPENDIX 5.2 Derivation of the Gibbs Phase Rule (pg. 203) | |
| Problems (pg. 207) | |
| CHAPTER 6 Nonelectrolyte Solutions (pg. 213) | |
| 6.1 Concentration Units (pg. 213) | |
| 6.2 Partial Molar Quantities (pg. 215) | |
| 6.3 Thermodynamics of Mixing (pg. 218) | |
| 6.4 Binary Mixtures of Volatile Liquids (pg. 221) | |
| 6.5 Real Solutions (pg. 228) | |
| 6.6 Phase Equilibria of Two-Component Systems (pg. 231) | |
| 6.7 Colligative Properties (pg. 238) | |
| Problems (pg. 255) | |
| CHAPTER 7 Electrolyte Solutions (pg. 261) | |
| 7.1 Electrical Conduction in Solution (pg. 261) | |
| 7.2 A Molecular View of the Solution Process (pg. 271) | |
| 7.3 Thermodynamics of Ions in Solution (pg. 274) | |
| 7.4 Ionic Activity (pg. 278) | |
| 7.5 Debye–Hückel Theory of Electrolytes (pg. 282) | |
| 7.6 Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions (pg. 288) | |
| APPENDIX 7.1 Notes on Electrostatics (pg. 295) | |
| APPENDIX 7.2 The Donnan Effect Involving Proteins Bearing Multiple Charges (pg. 298) | |
| Problems (pg. 301) | |
| CHAPTER 8 Chemical Equilibrium (pg. 305) | |
| 8.1 Chemical Equilibrium in Gaseous Systems (pg. 305) | |
| 8.2 Reactions in Solution (pg. 315) | |
| 8.3 Heterogeneous Equilibria (pg. 316) | |
| 8.4 Multiple Equilibria and Coupled Reactions (pg. 319) | |
| 8.5 The Influence of Temperature, Pressure, and Catalysts on the Equilibrium Constant (pg. 322) | |
| 8.6 Binding of Ligands and Metal Ions to Macromolecules (pg. 328) | |
| APPENDIX 8.1 The Relationship Between Fugacity and Pressure (pg. 335) | |
| APPENDIX 8.2 The Relationships Between K1 and K2 and the Intrinsic Dissociation Constant K (pg. 338) | |
| Problems (pg. 342) | |
| CHAPTER 9 Electrochemistry (pg. 351) | |
| 9.1 Electrochemical Cells (pg. 351) | |
| 9.2 Single-Electrode Potential (pg. 353) | |
| 9.3 Thermodynamics of Electrochemical Cells (pg. 356) | |
| 9.4 Types of Electrodes (pg. 363) | |
| 9.5 Types of Electrochemical Cells (pg. 365) | |
| 9.6 Applications of EMF Measurements (pg. 367) | |
| 9.7 Membrane Potential (pg. 368) | |
| Problems (pg. 378) | |
| CHAPTER 10 Quantum Mechanics (pg. 383) | |
| 10.1 Wave Properties of Light (pg. 383) | |
| 10.2 Blackbody Radiation and Planck’s Quantum Theory (pg. 386) | |
| 10.3 The Photoelectric Effect (pg. 388) | |
| 10.4 Bohr’s Theory of the Hydrogen Emission Spectrum (pg. 390) | |
| 10.5 de Broglie’s Postulate (pg. 397) | |
| 10.6 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle (pg. 401) | |
| 10.7 Postulates of Quantum Mechanics (pg. 403) | |
| 10.8 The Schrödinger Wave Equation (pg. 409) | |
| 10.9 Particle in a One-Dimensional Box (pg. 412) | |
| 10.10 Particle in a Two-Dimensional Box (pg. 420) | |
| 10.11 Particle on a Ring (pg. 425) | |
| 10.12 Quantum Mechanical Tunneling (pg. 428) | |
| APPENDIX 10.1 The Bracket Notation in Quantum Mechanics (pg. 433) | |
| Problems (pg. 437) | |
| CHAPTER 11 Applications of Quantum Mechanics to Spectroscopy (pg. 447) | |
| 11.1 Vocabulary of Spectroscopy (pg. 447) | |
| 11.2 Microwave Spectroscopy (pg. 458) | |
| 11.3 Infrared Spectroscopy (pg. 469) | |
| 11.4 Symmetry and Group Theory (pg. 482) | |
| 11.5 Raman Spectroscopy (pg. 486) | |
| APPENDIX 11.1 Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (pg. 491) | |
| Problems (pg. 496) | |
| CHAPTER 12 Electronic Structure of Atoms (pg. 503) | |
| 12.1 The Hydrogen Atom (pg. 503) | |
| 12.2 The Radial Distribution Function (pg. 505) | |
| 12.3 Hydrogen Atomic Orbitals (pg. 510) | |
| 12.4 Hydrogen Atom Energy Levels (pg. 514) | |
| 12.5 Spin Angular Momentum (pg. 515) | |
| 12.6 The Helium Atom (pg. 517) | |
| 12.7 Pauli Exclusion Principle (pg. 519) | |
| 12.8 Aufbau Principle (pg. 523) | |
| 12.9 Variational Principle (pg. 530) | |
| 12.10 Hartree–Fock Self-Consistent-Field Method (pg. 536) | |
| 12.11 Perturbation Theory (pg. 540) | |
| APPENDIX 12.1 Proof of the Variational Principle (pg. 546) | |
| Problems (pg. 551) | |
| CHAPTER 13 Molecular Electronic Structure and the Chemical Bond (pg. 557) | |
| 13.1 The Hydrogen Molecular Cation (pg. 557) | |
| 13.2 The Hydrogen Molecule (pg. 561) | |
| 13.3 Valence Bond Approach (pg. 563) | |
| 13.4 Molecular Orbital Approach (pg. 567) | |
| 13.5 Homonuclear and Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules (pg. 570) | |
| 13.6 Polyatomic Molecules (pg. 578) | |
| 13.7 Resonance and Electron Delocalization (pg. 585) | |
| 13.8 Hückel Molecular Orbital Theory (pg. 589) | |
| 13.9 Computational Chemistry Methods (pg. 600) | |
| Problems (pg. 605) | |
| CHAPTER 14 Electronic Spectroscopy and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (pg. 611) | |
| 14.1 Molecular Electronic Spectroscopy (pg. 611) | |
| 14.2 Fluorescence and Phosphorescence (pg. 619) | |
| 14.3 Lasers (pg. 622) | |
| 14.4 Applications of Laser Spectroscopy (pg. 629) | |
| 14.5 Photoelectron Spectroscopy (pg. 633) | |
| 14.6 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (pg. 637) | |
| 14.7 Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy (pg. 652) | |
| APPENDIX 14.1 The Frank-Condon Principle (pg. 657) | |
| APPENDIX 14.2 A Comparison of FT-IR and FT-NMR (pg. 659) | |
| Problems (pg. 665) | |
| CHAPTER 15 Chemical Kinetics (pg. 671) | |
| 15.1 Reaction Rate (pg. 671) | |
| 15.2 Reaction Order (pg. 672) | |
| 15.3 Molecularity of a Reaction (pg. 683) | |
| 15.4 More Complex Reactions (pg. 686) | |
| 15.5 The Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rate (pg. 691) | |
| 15.6 Potential-Energy Surfaces (pg. 694) | |
| 15.7 Theories of Reaction Rates (pg. 695) | |
| 15.8 Isotope Effects in Chemical Reactions (pg. 703) | |
| 15.9 Reactions in Solution (pg. 705) | |
| 15.10 Fast Reactions in Solution (pg. 707) | |
| 15.11 Oscillating Reactions (pg. 712) | |
| 15.12 Enzyme Kinetics (pg. 714) | |
| APPENDIX 15.1 Derivation of Equation 15.9 (pg. 724) | |
| APPENDIX 15.2 Derivation of Equation 15.51 (pg. 726) | |
| Problems (pg. 731) | |
| CHAPTER 16 Photochemistry (pg. 743) | |
| 16.1 Introduction (pg. 743) | |
| 16.2 Earth’s Atmosphere (pg. 748) | |
| 16.3 The Greenhouse Effect (pg. 751) | |
| 16.4 Photochemical Smog (pg. 754) | |
| 16.5 Stratospheric Ozone (pg. 759) | |
| 16.6 Chemiluminescence and Bioluminescence (pg. 764) | |
| 16.7 Biological Effects of Radiation (pg. 766) | |
| Problems (pg. 774) | |
| CHAPTER 17 Intermolecular Forces (pg. 779) | |
| 17.1 Intermolecular Interactions (pg. 779) | |
| 17.2 The Ionic Bond (pg. 780) | |
| 17.3 Types of Intermolecular Forces (pg. 782) | |
| 17.4 Hydrogen Bonding (pg. 791) | |
| 17.5 The Structure and Properties of Water (pg. 796) | |
| 17.6 Hydrophobic Interaction (pg. 801) | |
| Problems (pg. 806) | |
| CHAPTER 18 The Solid State (pg. 809) | |
| 18.1 Classification of Crystal Systems (pg. 809) | |
| 18.2 The Bragg Equation (pg. 812) | |
| 18.3 Structural Determination by X-Ray Diffraction (pg. 814) | |
| 18.4 Types of Crystals (pg. 823) | |
| APPENDIX 18.1 Derivation of Equation 18.3 (pg. 836) | |
| Problems (pg. 840) | |
| CHAPTER 19 The Liquid State (pg. 843) | |
| 19.1 Structure of Liquids (pg. 843) | |
| 19.2 Viscosity (pg. 845) | |
| 19.3 Surface Tension (pg. 851) | |
| 19.4 Diffusion (pg. 856) | |
| 19.5 Liquid Crystals (pg. 863) | |
| APPENDIX 19.1 Derivation of Equation 19.13 (pg. 869) | |
| Problems (pg. 872) | |
| CHAPTER 20 Statistical Thermodynamics (pg. 875) | |
| 20.1 The Boltzmann Distribution Law (pg. 875) | |
| 20.2 The Partition Function (pg. 878) | |
| 20.3 Molecular Partition Function (pg. 881) | |
| 20.4 Thermodynamic Quantities from Partition Functions (pg. 886) | |
| 20.5 Chemical Equilibrium (pg. 893) | |
| 20.6 Transition-State Theory (pg. 898) | |
| APPENDIX 20.1 Justification of Q=q^n/N! for Indistinguishable Molecules (pg. 903) | |
| Problems (pg. 905) | |
| Appendix A Review of Mathematics and Physics Useful in Physical Chemistry (pg. 907) | |
| Appendix B Thermodynamic Data (pg. 917) | |
| Glossary (pg. 923) | |
| Answers to Even–Numbered Computational Problems (pg. 937) | |
| Index (pg. 941) | |
| Values of Some Fundamental Constants (pg. 952) | |
| Useful Conversion Factors (pg. 953) | |
| Back Cover (pg. 954) | |
Raymond Chang
Raymond Chang was born in Hong Kong and grew up in Shanghai and Hong Kong, China. He received his B.Sc. degree in chemistry from London University, England and his Ph.D. in physical chemistry from Yale University. After doing postdoctoral research at Washington University and teaching for a year at Hunter College of the City University of New York, he joined the chemistry department at Williams College. Chang has served on the American Chemical Society Examination Committee and the Graduate Record Examination (GRE) Committee. He has also served as editor of The Chemical Educator and has authored books on general chemistry and spectroscopy.John W. Thoman
John Thoman was born and raised in Rochester, New York. He received his B.A. in chemistry from Williams College and earned his Ph.D. from MIT. After a postdoctoral fellowship with Dave Chandler at the Combustion Research Facility in Livermore California, he returned to Williams College to join the faculty. His research employs laser spectroscopy to investigate the dynamics of small molecules. Working with colleagues, he also studies the chemistry of the local environment. Thoman teaches introductory, physical, and environmental chemistry, a course on the chemistry and physics of cooking, and a January-term course Glass and Glassblowing. He served for a decade on the Graduate Record Exam (GRE) Committee.| Instructors Only | |
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