Economics of Forest Resources

by Amacher, Ollikainen, Koskela

ISBN: 9780262310093 | Copyright 2009

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The field of forest economics has expanded rapidly in the last two decades, and yet there exists no up-to-date textbook for advanced undergraduate-graduate level use or rigorous reference work for professionals. Economics of Forest Resources fills these gaps, offering a comprehensive technical survey of the field with special attention to recent developments regarding policy instrument choice and uncertainty. It covers all areas in which mathematical models have been used to explain forest owner and user incentives and government behavior, introducing the reader to the rigor needed to think through the consequences of policy instruments. Technically difficult concepts are presented with a unified and progressive approach; an appendix outlines the basic concepts from calculus needed to understand the models and results developed.

The book first presents the historical and classic models that every student or researcher in forest economics must know, including Faustman and Hartman approaches, public goods, spatial interdependence, two period life-cycle models, and overlapping generations problems. It then discusses topics including policy instrument choice, deforestation, biodiversity conservation, and age-class based forest modeling. Finally, it surveys such advanced topics as uncertainty in two period models, catastrophic risk, stochastic control problems, deterministic optimal control, and stochastic and deterministic dynamic programming approaches.

Boxes with empirical content illustrating applications of the theoretical material appear throughout. Each chapter is self-contained, allowing the reader, student, or instructor to use the text according to individual needs.

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Contents (pg. vii)
Preface (pg. xiii)
Organization of the Book (pg. xv)
Part I. Basic Models (pg. xvi)
Part II. Policy Problems (pg. xviii)
Part III. Advanced Topics (pg. xx)
Suggestions for Use (pg. xxiii)
Acknowledgments (pg. xxiv)
Part I. Basic Models (pg. 2)
Chapter 1. A Brief History of Forest Economics Thought (pg. 4)
1.1 Prehistory of Economic Analysis of the Optimal Rotation Period (pg. 5)
1.2 The Birth of the Optimal Rotation Framework (pg. 6)
1.3 The Faustmann Revival (pg. 8)
1.4 Revival of Age Class Models (pg. 9)
Chapter 2. The Faustmann Rotation Model (pg. 12)
2.1 Forest Growth Technology (pg. 13)
2.2 Computing the Optimal Rotation Period (pg. 20)
2.3 Forest Taxation in the Faustmann Model (pg. 31)
2.4 Modifications (pg. 34)
2.5 Summary (pg. 43)
Chapter 3. Hartman Models of Timber and Amenity Production (pg. 44)
3.1 Amenity Services (pg. 46)
3.2 Landowner Preferences over Amenity Services (pg. 47)
3.3 Determination of the Optimal Rotation Period (pg. 49)
3.4 Effects of Forest Taxation (pg. 60)
3.5 Amenities from Interdependent Stands (pg. 63)
3.6 Modifications (pg. 69)
3.7 Summary (pg. 76)
Chapter 4. Two-Period Life-Cycle Models (pg. 78)
4.1 Two-Period Timber Production Model (pg. 79)
4.2 Two-Period Amenity Production Model (pg. 91)
4.3 Overlapping Generations Models (pg. 98)
4.4 Modifications (pg. 106)
4.5 Summary (pg. 110)
Part II. Policy Problems (pg. 112)
Chapter 5. Design of Forest Policy Instruments (pg. 114)
5.1 Optimal Taxation—Faustmann Interpretations (pg. 116)
5.2 Optimal Taxation—Hartman Interpretations (pg. 121)
5.3 Optimal Taxation—Life-Cycle Interpretations (pg. 128)
5.4 Optimal Taxation—Overlapping Generations Interpretations (pg. 131)
5.5 Modifications (pg. 137)
5.6 Summary (pg. 142)
Appendix 5.1 Derivation of Tax Formulas in Section 5.3 (pg. 143)
Chapter 6. Deforestation: Models and Policy Instruments (pg. 146)
6.1 Basic Forms of Deforestation (pg. 147)
6.2 Causes of Deforestation (pg. 150)
6.3 Forest Concessions (pg. 153)
6.4 Competing Land Uses and Deforestation (pg. 161)
6.5 Summary (pg. 180)
Appendix 6.1 Comparative Statics of Land Allocation (pg. 182)
Chapter 7. Conservation of Biodiversity in Boreal and Temperate Forests (pg. 186)
7.1 Conservation Networks (pg. 188)
7.2 Auctions for Biodiversity Conservation (pg. 191)
7.3 Green Tree Retention (pg. 197)
7.4 Modifications (pg. 209)
7.5 Summary (pg. 211)
Chapter 8. Forest Age Class Models (pg. 214)
8.1 Basic Structure (pg. 216)
8.2 A Model with No Competing Land Use (pg. 219)
8.3 A Model with Competing Land Uses (pg. 223)
8.4 Carbon Policies (pg. 225)
8.5 Uneven-Aged Forest Management (pg. 229)
8.6 Summary (pg. 234)
Appendix 8.1 Reduction of First-Order Conditions (8.13a)–(8.13e) (pg. 235)
Appendix 8.2 Proof of Normality as an Optimal Stable Steady State (pg. 236)
Part III. Advanced Topics (pg. 238)
Chapter 9. Uncertainty in Life-Cycle Models (pg. 240)
9.1 Uncertainties and Risk Preferences (pg. 241)
9.2 Timber Production under Uncertainty (pg. 245)
9.3 Amenity Production under Uncertainty (pg. 254)
9.4 Modifications (pg. 259)
9.5 Summary (pg. 263)
Appendix 9.1 Disentangling Risk and Time (pg. 264)
Appendix 9.2 Taylor Approximations and Distributions of Functions of Random Variables (pg. 265)
Chapter 10. Risk of Catastrophic Events (pg. 268)
10.1 Stochastic Processes (pg. 269)
10.2 Faustmann Interpretations (pg. 271)
10.3 Amenity Services (pg. 279)
10.4 Modifications (pg. 286)
10.5 Summary (pg. 292)
Chapter 11. Stochastic Rotation Models (pg. 294)
11.1 Preliminaries—Stochastic Processes and Ito’s Lemma (pg. 295)
11.2 Continuous-Time Stochastic Optimal Stopping (pg. 301)
11.3 Harvesting Thresholds (pg. 306)
11.4 Modifications (pg. 316)
11.5 Summary (pg. 319)
Appendix 11.1 Derivation of Equation (11.16) (pg. 321)
Appendix 11.2 A Heuristic Proof of Equation (11.15) (pg. 321)
Chapter 12. Dynamic Models of Forest Resources (pg. 324)
12.1 Dynamic Optimization (pg. 325)
12.2 Applications of Optimal Control Theory (pg. 329)
12.3 Applications of Dynamic Programming (pg. 344)
12.4 Summary (pg. 350)
Appendix: Mathematics Review (pg. 352)
A1 Unconstrained Optimum: Single Decision Variable (Chapter 2) (pg. 352)
A2 Unconstrained Optimum: Two Decision Variables (Chapter 2) (pg. 353)
A3 Constrained Optimization: Two Decision Variables (Chapter 4) (pg. 354)
A4 Envelope Theorem (Chapters 4 and 5) (pg. 356)
A5 Slutsky Equations (Chapter 5) (pg. 358)
A6 Corner versus Interior Solutions (Chapter 5) (pg. 359)
References (pg. 360)
Author Index (pg. 388)
Subject Index (pg. 394)
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